Evening in America

In 1967 the governor of California signed into law a bill effectively ending involuntary commitment of people suffering from mental disorders. At the time 22,000 Californians resided in state mental hospitals. Ten years earlier the number had been 37,500. These institutions were seen as dehumanizing. Involuntary commitment would now be restricted to those who were deemed as potentially dangerous to themselves or those around them. The commitment had to be sponsored by a family member and/or ordered by the court. A mentally-ill patient who refused treatment typically did not receive any at all. That governor won election to the presidency with a landslide victory in 1980.

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Homelessness – the Way It Used to Be

sullivan1The Banfield Expressway plowed through Sullivan’s Gulch in the 1950s, displacing the few holdouts in what had been one of the largest homeless encampments in Portland. The “Hoovervilles” were named for President Herbert Hoover, who presided over the country’s descent into the Great Depression. By 1933, the northeast “Shantytown” had a population of 333 living in 131 shacks made from scrap wood, car parts, corrugated tin and cardboard boxes.

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